“Theory of Cosmic Deserts” (massive emission theory) general description
author – Andrzej Dworaczek
Translated from Polish by author
abstract:
The characteristic distribution of the matter in the universe and its observable expansion (most galaxies and their clusters are moving away from each other with apparent* acceleration) is the result of historical event - stars radiation and stream of charged particles pressure on their environment in the early state of Universe.
This process has began just after first stars were formed from archaic giant dens hydrogen nebulae devoid of any other matter (galaxies, stars, planets or even dust)
As a currently observed result of radiation pressure force is expanding and accelerating universe and characteristic
sponge-like distribution of matter in space.
The process described above is a consequence of the single event - cosmic inflation, or rather - is cyclic.
Supporting thesis in short essays: “Playing with metal balls” ,“Broken Entropy” and “Single Particle Evaporation”
Introduction:
Few years ago, American scientists started a project to measure the distances to thousands of galaxies and in the process, a slice of our nearby universe showing matter distribution in space. The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey project. Their map shows, that the cosmos is arranged in a most intriguing way. Galactic clusters are separated by great distances mostly devoid of matter. The intriguing part is that the shape of this empty space appears to be spherical. Until this time scientists have expected to see a much different picture of the universe. Why did our universe form this way?
One of the most popular explanations of this distribution is the Cosmic String Theory, which tries to reconcile knowledge found in quantum mechanics and astrophysics. I am certain that the distribution of matter in our universe might have followed a different path and invite you to follow my train of thought, which lead me to a different conclusion, and finally end up conceiving our universe in a unique way.
The cosmos fascinates. Many questions, to which modern science is unable to provide satisfactory answers, unleash an avalanche of speculations. Astrophysicists take a different stance when it comes to the creation of our universe. During a time of examination an array of theories arises, changes with time, and then disappears. The scientific evidence provided by ever evolving instruments surprises and at times contradicts common sense, further disproving those initial theories. Astrophysicists often speak of creating “Cosmological Models”. This is most commonly understood as development of a simplified mathematical model that defines the history and structure of the universe; thus capturing its general properties. This type of a model can not explain all the characteristics of our universe.
Cosmological Models define the universe as though it was a flat sea of matter from which cosmos was built. In those theories gathering of matter into stars and galaxies is completely ignored. The separation from homogeneous distribution is examined only when more detailed questions arise, e.g. origin of stars and galaxies. Still, this approach, according to astrophysicists, gives surprisingly accurate results. During observations it is possible to find certain parameters of the universe, such as, density of matter in the universe and temperature. If a model allows for such parameters it can be considered a good description of the real universe.
Let us imagine a following case:
In accordance with assumptions, a universe at its birth is expanding (or, and becoming dense) without interruptions. From this follows, a uniform distribution of matter (mostly or rather only hydrogen) , the temperature of which rich 3K - not due to decompression, but rather rise high ~ 3K due to very slow gravitational force (compression). There were no groups of matter such as stars or galaxies. There were no expansion process yet. Let us assume, that this is the case the average distance between particles statistically is about equal. The Universe has become just a huge dens hydrogen cloud much smaller in size than current Universe. Assuming that, Cosmic Inflation is correct as well as the cause of such state.
Thanks to a balance between gravity and expansion we have achieved some kind of Stable State for a while. In other words, we are left with an unaltered universe; one that does not resemble the picture seen today. This state would be beloved by cosmologists, because it is very predictable.
Regardless of uniform distribution of hydrogen particles in space, even small their movements will cause the formation of local Concentrations due to loss of fragile gravitational balance. 3K~ of cosmic background radiation tells us that probably described above huge hydrogen cloud-universe was very dense, so Local concentrations will lead with no doubt to formation of first star(s). Similar formations are now observable in stellar nurseries where emitted radiation energy sweeps out its surroundings from particles, however in the currently observed universe the local quantities, dynamics and density of stellar gas cannot produce a lot of massive stars - supernova type.
In the past the results of such concentrations would lead to very heavy star formations, heavy enough to cause huge star explosion and then enormous light (radiation) pressure. This sweeping and then pressing process is accompanied by velocity of further spherical (expanding) concentrations, that give way to easy formation of similar heavy stars (consequently - moving away) and some irregular, but mostly spherical in shape distribution of surrounding matter.
Such occurrences accompanied the formation of the first stars in our universe. As I mentioned - the physical conditions of the primordial clouds were different from stellar clouds.
Therefore, prior to formation of concentrations of (unlike currently observable in stellar clouds) particles that were under the influence of strong and massive exploding star radiation pressure had the ability to travel much greater cosmic distances in a long time producing almost flat (surface of huge sphere) dens formations and adding constantly momentum to the next new and new spheres - shaping slowly our expanding and apparently accelerating universe, sweeping huge voids between thin clusters of new galaxies) – see some description below.
Theory of Cosmic Deserts
The characteristic distribution of observable matter in the universe and apparent acceleration of expansion of the universe is the result of stars' radiation pressure**.
(Andrzej Dworaczek)
**This process has begun just after first stars were formed from archaic giant dens hydrogen nebulae devoid of any other matter (galaxies, stars, planets or even dust)
In this context the light pressure is understood to be the effect of all electromagnetic radiation of a star upon its environment throughout all the stages of a stars evolution. I used the term “for the most part”, as it is important to keep in mind that the minor role played by gravity and eruption of matter during explosion of a certain type of heavy stars, however it is not significant.
I believe that the main role in creating the Cosmic Deserts was played by an another phenomenon. In the early stages of universe evolution, (due to thvery slowly thickening, dens hydrogen) there most likely existed an environment more akin to formation of extraordinary massive stars – never observed by astronomers today (and commonly, massive spherical in shape galaxies) in the early universe. For this type of starts - hundreds and possibly thousands times heavier than Sun, beside producing (in their final point of evolution) a huge luminosity and a correspondingly large radiation pressure force on the surrounding gas, states that matter thrown at great speeds would act as sort of a gravitational glue to the surrounding particles increasing the intensity of this phenomenon.
The role of light pressure (radiation pressure) has been recognized some time ago. It is a proven tool in explaining many observed phenomena e.g. directions of comet tails. The creation of first stars must have occurred identically to the way stars are currently born in observed today stellar nurseries, however, the particles' densities in space of early universe were statistically different. The definite properties of condensing and shaping star gas, then is the reason for smaller currently observed vacancies surrounding young stars in the stellar clouds. Light's pressure work in stellar nursery is some related to the early stage of the universe, however in a much smaller scale.
It is difficult for me to reconcile the theoretical existence of stars and galaxies in a much earlier stage of universe development (cosmic inflation models showing galaxies). However Ideal Inflation models of universe expansion happily predict even distribution of Only hydrogen particles in the universe. Thus, lets assume that at the beginning there were no stars and galaxies.
The distribution was even, as it is assumed in the simplest model. Such a distribution must sooner or later would lead to gravitational aberrations; meaning that drifting particles were unable to maintain equal distances between each other. In other words: maintaining a balance between particles for a prolonged period of time is very unlikely as even the slightest change will disrupt this balance. Created in this way, particle groups gave rise to first concentrations, interior denser stellar clouds and thus creation of first (because of characteristic gas particles' dynamics - rather very heavy) starts, as well as, further evolution of the universe. Please take notice of the remitted radiation distribution. In my opinion, it shows the creation of the first particles concentrations and their vacancies
The effect of light emissions pressure, observable today in the stellar nurseries, surrounding young stars is the empty volumes devoid of any particles. Sphere of gasses and some matter constantly moving away from a star provides a supporting environment for birth of new stars (witch are moving away as well - belong to their environments) – this story is repeating. The process described above should create a universe with matter distributed in the manner in which it is currently observed.
Additionally, a final point of this processes should concern the empty spherical areas of space (voids) named in my theory - Cosmic Deserts.
A different phenomenon accompanying previously described process is the “re-expanding” matter with acceleration.
Let us assume that before (described above) expansion of the universe, it achieved a balanced state, or Would Rather began to contract (thickening). So, the gravity equaled the velocity given to particles in the primary stage (assuming the theory of expansion “Big Bang” is compliant with currently available data - if such ever happened). As the process of emission-particle expansion (i.e. light venturing further into space) accompanying the birth of first star must have begun locally, the examination of force vectors for changes in time must show acceleration of expansion. There is only one conclusion: universe should expand at ever increasing speed until galaxies are shaped.
The courage to talk about of my hypothesis came to me in 1999: it was proof of apparent* acceleration of Universe expansion provided through the published in 1998 results of experiments conducted by Samuel Perlmutter group - “Supernova Cosmology Project” at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Why is it easy to ignore the radiation pressure in our mind?
Often, when examining forces working in dense particle fields, such as planets or galaxies, radiation pressure is ignored. This omission is understood due to following reason: stars and planes are subject to immense gravitational fields. The effect of light pressure is minuscule when compared with the condensed mass of those solar bodies (Radiation pressure is inconsequential for large bodies, but it can have a significant effect on small particles especially on single drifting light hydrogen particles). The conditions perceived at planetary scale can be thought of completely differently.
The effect of gravity in hydrogen cloud can be set aside as it acts almost equally, regardless of direction, on every particle. If such drifting particles affected by balanced force as gravity, then any directional force (e.g. star light pressure) constantly applied to a particle will result in increased its velocity in time. The amount of change is not relevant here; a child may move a train - if friction is removed. If a child kept applying that small force for billions of years this train would achieve an unimaginable velocity.
An excellent example of concept is the Crab Nebula where the influence of radiation pressure, years after the explosion of a supernova, is clearly visible. After merely a thousand years from its explosion, the discarded particles span an area of six light years. After estimation of mass was completed, it was concluded that some particles were from the exploded star. The remaining particles were gases surrounding that star.
The illustration on previous page shows the speed development in the early universe (speed numbers on the bottom of picture from 0m/s to 12m/s+++ are only examples (not actual speed) - I used them to make the acceleration steps of expansion process caused by light pressure easy to understand.
Observing nearest stars many of them have planets.
It is rather difficult to estimate early supernova activities based on mass of planets and statistics, however today's explosion of supernovas is very rare event.
Galaxies consist hundreds of billion of stars, but are only about 14 billion of years old. So I suppose, that simple statistical estimation (supernovae explosions - to galaxies' number - to time of our visible-universe existence - to heavy particles percentage produced by supernovae – to heavy particles percentage in star's systems) should proven, that the number of star systems with planets should be very low. In my opinion much lower than the latest discoveries show.
It is a rather risky estimation, but is better than any and might support other observations.
I think that by observing of incoming light from far space it would be much easier to find massive black holes left by first heavy stars.
First galaxies must have low rotation (against the rest of universe - “Super Nebulae”) and were rather spherical due to slow equal (gravity force) gas local concentrations, so they must have rather easy collapsed into extremely heavy black holes which location are expected to be near by the center of each observable empty spherical space separating galaxies and galaxy clusters.
I was looking for some expected behaviors and proofs, among others in the Universe and on some pictures from space.
As the effect of my effort - there are:
thin strands of galaxy clusters around the huge bubbles of empty space
expected Colliding Galaxies
to constitute sufficient proof of development of velocity and aberration in directions caused by shaping space radiation pressure and in expectation of galaxy mergers I used a primitive simulating tool – yeast, sugar, water and two glass plates. I observed growing yeast between thin glass plates and bubbles physical development. They did not grow equally (size, velocity, directions). In Conclusion it is necessary for neighboring galaxies to have some different movements against each other, like galaxy mergers (some various velocity and aberration in directions)
illusory acceleration of space expansion – described below in an essay “Playing with metal balls”
present distribution of Spherical Galaxies in the universe – they frequently exist in expected places in clusters.
some unexpected shapes of Galaxies
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